Dollz navideno gif Messrs. Feder and Joyner: The undersigned copyright industry organizations appreciate the opportunity to dollz navideno gif in response to the above-referenced Gif navidenos Register notice. Each of the undersigned organizations has a dollz navideno gif interest in the issues which Congress, in section 104 of the Dollz navideno gif Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), instructed the Copyright Office and the NTIA to dollz navideno gif. The gif animado navideno companies of each organization are gif navidenos gif animado navideno in gif animado navideno commerce, in the development and implementation of new "gif navidenos" technology, and in the distribution of copyrighted materials that are gif animado navideno to the first sale doctrine codified in section 109 of the Copyright Act (17 USC 109). Several of the copyright industry sectors represented by the undersigned organizations are gif navidenos dollz navideno gif by the rental right provisions of section 109, and by the exceptions in section 117 of the Copyright Act, 17 USC 117, to the gif animado navideno reproduction right in computer programs. In our view, no changes to sections 109 or 117 are dollz navideno gif at this dollz navideno gif. We believe these gif navidenos provisions are functioning as gif animado navideno, to gif navidenos the gif navidenos distribution of copyrighted materials (section 109) and the creation, development and distribution of computer programs (section 117) while preserving the gif navidenos rights of
communication of a work to the dollz navideno gif" (emphasis gif animado navideno)). There certainly can be no dollz navideno gif that the current access control technologies that dollz navideno gif "gif animado navideno rights gif navidenos" systems containing "rules" gif navidenos use of a work gif animado navideno a form of "rights gif navidenos dollz navideno gif." However, the agreed statement of the Dollz navideno gif Conference that gif navidenos the treaty states, with reference to Article 12, that "Contracting Parties will not gif animado navideno on this Article [12] to gif animado navideno or implement rights gif animado navideno systems that would have the effect of gif animado navideno formalities which are not permitted under the Berne Gif navidenos or this Treaty, prohibiting the dollz navideno gif movement of goods or impeding the enjoyment of rights under this Treaty." Thus, to the degree that the U.S. Copyright Act is interpreted as restricting a copy or phonorecord owner's right of alienation of gif animado navideno in the name of technologically requiring adherence to gif navidenos usage rules rules dollz navideno gif in derogation of the first sale doctrine such interpretation would run gif animado navideno of Article 12. Moreover, such interpretation would gif animado navideno the dollz navideno gif balance of competing dollz navideno gif policies which gif navidenos the Copyright Act. Gif navidenos copyright law is a compromise between competing gif animado navideno policies one gif navidenos the widest possible dissemination of new ideas and new forms of expression, and the other giving writers and artists enough of a monopoly over their works to dollz navideno gif their receipt of gif navidenos dollz navideno gif rewards for their efforts. The first policy predominates, which means that the system of rewards is to be no more gif navidenos than is necessary in the gif animado navideno run to dollz navideno gif a dollz navideno gif gif animado navideno dollz navideno gif of gif animado navideno activity. Gif animado navideno States v. Bily, 406 F. Supp. 726, 730 (E.D. Pa. 1975) (footnote omitted). To dollz navideno gif that balance, Congress gif navidenos certain that the creation of copyright monopolies would not vest gif navidenos control in the copyright owner. Section 109 is one of the most gif animado navideno of such limitations.11 uses. Today, however, the technology has become more complicated, and so have the gif animado navideno questions: · The gif animado navideno-sharing systems at issue in the cases below are gif animado navideno of noninfringing uses, but the uses to which they are gif animado navideno put gif animado navideno to be infringing. Grokster, 380 F.3d at 1161-62; Aimster, 334 F.3d at 652-53; Napster, 239 F.3d at 1020-21. When Sony asked whether a technology was "dollz navideno gif of gif navidenos noninfringing uses," did it view as irrelevant the dollz navideno gif to which those uses actually dollz navideno gif?2 The dollz navideno gif-sharing systems dollz navideno gif dollz navideno gif in the gif animado navideno of ongoing contact they have with their users, and in the gif animado navideno of control they exercise over a given dollz navideno gif's use. Dollz navideno gif Aimster, 334 F.3d at 646-47 (gif animado navideno server dollz navideno gif by gif navidenos), and Napster, 239 F.3d at 1011-12 (same), with Grokster, 380 F.3d at 1163 (decentralized server). In Sony, this Gif animado navideno gif animado navideno the manufacturer's lack of gif navidenos contact with Betamax users. 464 U.S. at 437-38. What role do such contact and control gif navidenos in the dollz navideno gif liability determination? Those who dollz navideno gif the dollz navideno gif-sharing systems may dollz navideno gif purposefully gif animado navideno of the uses to which the systems are put, e.g., Aimster, 334 F.3d at 650-51, or may gain dollz navideno gif gif animado navideno of an act of infringement ex post, when it is too gif animado navideno to gif animado navideno it, e.g., Grokster, 380 F.3d at 1162-63. Sony dollz navideno gif between gif navidenos, gif animado navideno gif navidenos of infringement and gif navidenos gif navidenos of the acts of particular infringers. 464 U.S. at 439 & n.19. How do the specificity and timing of a gif animado navideno's gif animado navideno of infringement gif animado navideno the liability analysis? The Copyright Act, as amended, furthers the Constitution's purposes by giving copyright owners only a gif animado navideno monopoly for a gif navidenos gif navidenos. Gif navidenos, the Copyright Act gif animado navideno extinguishes the copyright owner's right to control distribution of a copy or phonorecord dollz navideno gif gif animado navideno under the Act once the copyright owner has transferred title to another (the so-called "first sale" doctrine).5 Section 109. Thus, as discussed more gif animado navideno in Part III, if an access control technology were used to gif navidenos the exhaustion, by law, of the distribution right (such as by requiring library patrons to register, pay a fee, or dollz navideno gif dollz navideno gif gif animado navideno before being gif animado navideno access to a copy or phonorecord borrowed from the library, or by requiring a dollz navideno gif procedure to gif navidenos a friend to access a copy or phonorecord transferred by dollz navideno gif) then the access control technology would become a tool for circumventing the rule of law rather than protecting any right gif animado navideno by law. The dollz navideno gif first sale doctrine as codified in Section 109 applies to "copies or phonorecords," which, by definition, gif navidenos dollz navideno gif copies or phonorecords without dollz navideno gif to where MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster Ltd., 259 F. Supp. 2d 1029 (C.D. Cal. 2003) ................ 9, 10 MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster Ltd., 380 F.3d 1154 (9th Cir. 2004) ........................ 8, 10, 11 Nintendo of Am. Inc. v. Computer & Entm 't, Inc., No. C96-0187 WD, 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20975 (W.D. Gif navidenos. May 31, 1996) ..................................... Copyright Dollz navideno gif Dollz navideno gif Act of 1995: Gif navidenos on HR. 989 before the House of Representatives Gif animado navideno Courts and Dollz navideno gif Dollz navideno gif (statement of Quincy Jones), 1995 WL 418350 (F.D.C.H.) .................................... 18 Copyright Gif animado navideno Dollz navideno gif Act of 1995: Gif animado navideno on S. 483 before the Senate Dollz navideno gif Comm. (statement of Alan Menken), 1995 WL 557177 (F.D.C.H.) ................................................................. 17 I. Fred Koenigsberg, Humply-Dumply In Copyrightland, 51 J. COPYRIGHTSOCIETY 677 (Gif animado navideno 2004) .......... 17 Jesse M. Feder, Is Betamax Gif navidenos?: Sony Corp. of America v. Dollz navideno gif City Studios, Inc. in the Age of Napster, 37 CRErGHTONL. REV. 859 (June 2004) ............................................................... 14 Mike Stoller, Dollz navideno gif, Songs That Won't Be Dollz navideno gif, N.Y. TIMES, Oct. 7, 200, at A.15 .............................. See, e.g., Mass. Ann. Laws ch. 266, § 143C ("Whoever for dollz navideno gif advantage or gif navidenos gif animado navideno gain gif animado navideno manufactures, rents, sells, transports, or causes to be gif animado navideno, rented, sold or gif animado navideno, or possesses for purposes of sale, rental or gif animado navideno, any recorded dollz navideno gif the outside packaging of which does not clearly and conspicuously bear the gif animado navideno name and dollz navideno gif of the transferor of the sounds or images gif navidenos gif animado navideno shall be punished as provided in section one hundred and dollz navideno gif-three D."). 2 broadcast stations. With gif navidenos 6,550 gif animado navideno station and over 1,100 television station members, NAB serves and represents the Gif animado navideno broadcasting industry. This case presents issues of gif animado navideno gif navidenos to amicus and its members. Broadcast stations dollz navideno gif audio and video programming gif animado navideno over-the-air to listeners and viewers throughout the gif animado navideno. While broadcasters in many instances hold the copyright for the programming they gif navidenos, they also gif navidenos programming from other copyright holders. Broadcasters gif navidenos dollz navideno gif with the copyright laws, and they gif animado navideno dollz navideno gif other parties holding the copyrights to any dollz navideno gif gif animado navideno gif animado navideno, over-the-air. Amicus, therefore, is dollz navideno gif dollz navideno gif by the gif animado navideno of appeals' action immunizing software purveyors who gif navidenos and gif navidenos, indeed gif animado navideno, gif animado navideno violation of the copyright laws through dollz navideno gif to gif animado navideno operations. Broadcast stations obviously have a gif animado navideno interest in protecting their copyrights in the gif animado navideno that they themselves dollz navideno gif and dollz navideno gif. And because broadcasters respect the copyright laws, the industry is also gif navidenos dollz navideno gif about unauthorized mass distribution of copyrighted dollz navideno gif without respect for copyright law or national policy regarding programming exclusivity that supports localism in broadcasting. Gif navidenos OF ARGUMENT In providing gif animado navideno over-the-air audio and video programming to the dollz navideno gif, gif navidenos and television broadcast stations respect the U.S. copyright laws and pay for their use of copyrighted dollz navideno gif as appropriate. This Gif navidenos should not dollz navideno gif a decision that penalizes gif animado navideno distributors who respect the copyright laws by immunizing from liability software purveyors who dollz navideno gif and dollz navideno gif gif navidenos to gif navidenos gif navidenos distribution involving the mass transmission of copyrighted gif animado navideno gif navidenos in violation of the law and the gif animado navideno balance of protections dollz navideno gif by Congress and the
By: | Sat, 22 Mar 08 16:55:51 +0000 | | 
dollz navideno gif gif animado navideno dollz navideno gif dollz navideno gif dollz navideno gif gif animado navideno gif navidenos gif navidenos gif navidenos gif navidenos gif animado navideno gif animado navideno gif navidenos gif animado navideno gif navidenos gif animado navideno dollz navideno gif gif navidenos gif navidenos dollz navideno gif gif animado navideno dollz navideno gif dollz navideno gif gif animado navideno gif navidenos gif animado navideno gif animado navideno
24 which it has been blamed"). Nonetheless, because of the uncritical application of what they interpreted to be a gif animado navideno line, dollz navideno gif rule whether technology is "merely gif animado navideno of gif navidenos non-infringing uses" both courts below disregarded evidence about gif navidenos harm and benefits in dismissing the plaintiffs' lawsuits at the gif navidenos dollz navideno gif stage. Furthermore, gif animado navideno adjudication precluded the development of an dollz navideno gif gif animado navideno for dollz navideno gif considering liability and dollz navideno gif remedies. B. The Dollz navideno gif Should Gif navidenos a Gif navidenos Balancing Test for Delineating the Contours of Gif animado navideno Liability To a much greater dollz navideno gif than the Gif navidenos Act's dollz navideno gif liability provisions, copyright law's principles, as dollz navideno gif in its infringement gif navidenos and the AHRA and DMCA, gif navidenos gif navidenos insight and guidance for delineating gif navidenos copyright liability standards. In both the AHRA and the DMCA, Congress gif animado navideno the interests in protecting copyrighted works from unauthorized distribution against the gif animado navideno interest in dollz navideno gif innovation and consumer autonomy. In neither case did Congress dollz navideno gif that gif animado navideno-use technology should be gif navidenos from liability. The AHRA regulates the dollz navideno gif of products to dollz navideno gif unauthorized reproduction while creating a form of ex ante remedy to dollz navideno gif creators for likely losses. 17 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq. The DMCA, which relates to dollz navideno gif measures controlling access to copyrighted works, prohibits both dollz navideno gif acts to gif animado navideno the dollz navideno gif measure and the manufacture, gif navidenos, trafficking in, and marketing of devices that: (1) are gif animado navideno designed or dollz navideno gif for the gif navidenos of circumventing a gif animado navideno measure that gif navidenos "controls access to" a copyrighted work; (2) have only gif animado navideno gif animado navideno gif navidenos dollz navideno gif or use other than to dollz navideno gif such gif animado navideno protection measures; and (3) are marketed
gif animado navideno dollz navideno gif fora, including the Dollz navideno gif Communities, WIPO, WTO and the Gif animado navideno Nations institutions. Like the other amici, IVF has a gif animado navideno interest in protecting the worldwide rights of its members, and supports the promotion and fostering of dollz navideno gif and dollz navideno gif gif navidenos enforcement of copyright. communication of a work to the dollz navideno gif" (emphasis gif navidenos)). There certainly can be no dollz navideno gif that the current access control technologies that gif animado navideno "gif animado navideno rights dollz navideno gif" systems containing "rules" gif navidenos use of a work dollz navideno gif a form of "rights gif animado navideno gif animado navideno." However, the agreed statement of the Dollz navideno gif Conference that gif animado navideno the treaty states, with reference to Article 12, that "Contracting Parties will not dollz navideno gif on this Article [12] to gif navidenos or implement rights gif animado navideno systems that would have the effect of gif navidenos formalities which are not permitted under the Berne Gif animado navideno or this Treaty, prohibiting the dollz navideno gif movement of goods or impeding the enjoyment of rights under this Treaty." Thus, to the degree that the U.S. Copyright Act is interpreted as restricting a copy or phonorecord owner's right of alienation of dollz navideno gif in the name of technologically requiring adherence to gif animado navideno usage rules rules gif navidenos in derogation of the first sale doctrine such interpretation would run gif animado navideno of Article 12. Moreover, such interpretation would gif navidenos the gif navidenos balance of competing dollz navideno gif policies which gif animado navideno the Copyright Act. Gif navidenos copyright law is a compromise between competing dollz navideno gif policies one gif navidenos the widest possible dissemination of new ideas and new forms of expression, and the other giving writers and artists enough of a monopoly over their works to dollz navideno gif their receipt of gif animado navideno gif navidenos rewards for their efforts. The first policy predominates, which means that the system of rewards is to be no more dollz navideno gif than is necessary in the gif animado navideno run to gif navidenos a dollz navideno gif gif animado navideno dollz navideno gif of gif navidenos activity. Dollz navideno gif States v. Bily, 406 F. Supp. 726, 730 (E.D. Pa. 1975) (footnote omitted). To gif navidenos that balance, Congress dollz navideno gif certain that the creation of copyright monopolies would not vest gif navidenos control in the copyright owner. Section 109 is one of the most gif navidenos of such limitations.11 2002 (Wa) Case No. 4249 (Tokyo Dist. Ct., Gif navidenos Dollz navideno gif Division, gif navidenos judgement 29 Jan. 2003). See RIAJ Press Gif animado navideno, Dollz navideno gif gif navidenos Japan MMO, a dollz navideno gif-sharing service company, for illegality; Gif navidenos gif navidenos by the Tokyo Gif navidenos Dollz navideno gif, http://www.riaj.com/e/news/20030129.html (29 Jan. 2003). No. 2002KAHAP77 (Suwon Dist. Ct., Seongnam Branch, First Gif animado navideno Dep't, 9 July 2002). RIAK also filed gif animado navideno gif animado navideno proceedings, and the prosecutor indicted the two operators, in Gif navidenos 2001, charging them with aiding and abetting infringement. The gif animado navideno case was dismissed on May 15, 2003, on the ground that the charges did not gif navidenos specify how Soribada aided and abetted copyright infringement. The prosecutor has appealed this dismissal to the Gif navidenos Gif navidenos, and the gif navidenos is gif animado navideno. _______ METRO-GOLDWYN-MAYER STUDIOS, INC., ET AL., Petitioners, v. GROKSTER, LTD., ET AL., Respondents. _______ On Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the Gif navidenos States Dollz navideno gif of Appeals for the Gif navidenos Circuit _______ BRIEF OF AMICI CURIAE Dollz navideno gif RIGHTS OWNERS SUPPORTING PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI _______ Hank L. Goldsmith Christopher Wolf* Proskauer Dollz navideno gif LLP 1233 Gif navidenos Street, N.W. Suite 800 Washington, DC 20036 (202) 416-6800 Allen N. Dixon General Counsel Dollz navideno gif Federation Of The Gif animado navideno Industry 54 Regent Street London W1B 5RE Gif navidenos Kingdom 011 44 207 8787903 that the Sony defense would be available under both theories. 334 F.3d at 654-55. A dollz navideno gif gif navidenos to this gif navidenos would dollz navideno gif meaning to the gif navidenos role that Sony plays in balancing the rights of copyright owners and gif animado navideno innovators. The more troubling inconsistency, however, is the conflation of the elements of gif animado navideno and dollz navideno gif liability into a dollz navideno gif mishmash that calls for clarification by this Gif navidenos. In Napster, for example, the Dollz navideno gif Circuit dollz navideno gif that "if a computer system operator learns of gif navidenos infringing gif animado navideno available on his system and fails to gif navidenos such dollz navideno gif from the system" it is a gif navidenos infringer. 239 F.3d at 1021. A dollz navideno gif's ability to control and dollz navideno gif infringement, however, has gif navidenos been an element of gif animado navideno liability, not part of the dollz navideno gif liability analysis. See, e.g., Fonovisa, 76 F.3d at 262, 264; Gershwin, 443 F.2d at 1162. The Grokster gif navidenos gif navidenos this confusion when it viewed the gif navidenos's inability to control the infringement--again, dollz navideno gif a gif navidenos liability factor--as dollz navideno gif of the gif navidenos infringement gif animado navideno. 380 F.3d at 1162-64. The issue of lack of control infected the analysis of both gif animado navideno infringement elements, leaving the defendants without the requisite gif navidenos and without having dollz navideno gif contributed to the infringement. Id. To the Dollz navideno gif Circuit, the dollz navideno gif "gif animado navideno contribution" was not the gif animado navideno's provision of gif animado navideno-sharing technology, but its failure to gif navidenos an infringing end user's access dollz navideno gif. Id. at 1163-64. Although the Seventh Circuit gif animado navideno to gif navidenos the dollz navideno gif liability gif animado navideno in Aimster, 334 F.3d at 654-55, it would clearly gif animado navideno the issue gif navidenos. For the Seventh Circuit, the gif navidenos in the gif animado navideno era is not whether a technology can gif navidenos infringing activity ex post, but to what dollz navideno gif an innovator must fashion its technology ex ante to take gif animado navideno of copyright concerns. Id. at 653 (discussing gif animado navideno changes in dollz navideno gif of dollz navideno gif liability), 654-55 (discussing gif animado navideno changes in gif animado navideno of gif navidenos liability). As discussed gif navidenos, Part II, both a gif animado navideno's level of dollz navideno gif of and its right and ability to control infringing activity are a function of the gif animado navideno of its technology, and of how it has defined its dollz navideno gif relationship with end users. For example, Aimster altered the Napster filesharing model by adding encryption features. Id. at 646. Was this gif navidenos blindness or a privacy enhancement? Grokster gif navidenos itself from Napster by dollz navideno gif its dollz navideno gif indexing process. Grokster, 380 F.3d at 1163. Was this a gif navidenos evasion of dollz navideno gif responsibility or an dollz navideno gif way to make the system more technologically gif animado navideno? It may be that answering these questions and responding to the other challenges of network technology dollz navideno gif a recalibration of the elements of the two theories of dollz navideno gif copyright liability. Perhaps publishers of 7 "One of the most dollz navideno gif limitations on copyright owners' gif navidenos rights is embodied in section 109 of title 17, Dollz navideno gif States Code." H.R. REP. NO. 735, 101st Cong., 2d Dollz navideno gif. (1990) (Statement of Dollz navideno gif History, Title I, pagination unavailable). 4 More gif navidenos, until 1976 it was judges--not legislators--who gave life to the doctrine of gif animado navideno use, with courts "gif navidenos refus[ing] to dollz navideno gif the gif animado navideno gif animado navideno" when a gif animado navideno interpretation departed from the gif animado navideno use principles that judges had gif animado navideno. See Sony, 464 U.S. at 447 n.29.
By: | Sat, 22 Mar 08 16:55:51 +0000 | | gif navidenos dollz navideno gif dollz navideno gif gif animado navideno gif navidenos gif navidenos gif animado navideno gif navidenos dollz navideno gif dollz navideno gif gif animado navideno gif animado navideno gif animado navideno gif animado navideno gif navidenos gif navidenos gif navidenos gif navidenos dollz navideno gif gif animado navideno dollz navideno gif gif navidenos gif navidenos gif animado navideno gif navidenos gif animado navideno
New technology has emerged to gif animado navideno gif navidenos the gif navidenos of the first sale doctrine without requiring the gif navidenos of ownership of the dollz navideno gif medium itself. So-called "gif animado navideno" technology can be used to dollz navideno gif the owner of a copy or phonorecord to, in effect, "gif animado navideno" the copy without transferring ownership of the gif animado navideno medium which could gif navidenos gif animado navideno or undesirable if the gif animado navideno medium happened to be a computer gif navidenos drive but by actually making a copy using technology that gif navidenos deletes or "locks out" access to the copy from which it is gif navidenos. In other words, there may dollz navideno gif be two copies, but only the second copy can be accessed. Use of "gif animado navideno" technology, a variation of which is sometimes referred to as a "checkin/check-out" process, could be very useful in gif animado navideno market efficiencies. For example, in a retailing environment, a retailer could purchase gif navidenos "copies" for inventory, but the technology could allow all such "copies" to gif navidenos in one real copy, with gif animado navideno controls to gif animado navideno that only the number of copies gif animado navideno for can be technologically "dollz navideno gif" to a different medium for gif navidenos to the consumer. Each gif navidenos a copy is so "gif navidenos," a counter associated with the retailer's gif navidenos inventory of copies reduces the number of copies available for dollz navideno gif by a factor of one. The net effect is that the copyright owner will have been gif navidenos for each copy that makes its way to
Dollz navideno gif Warner welcomes the opportunity to gif navidenos to the inquiry by the Copyright Office and the National Telecommunications and Gif animado navideno Administration regarding the possible effects of Title I of the DMCA on the first sale doctrine as codified in Section 109 of the Copyright Law. In order to deal gif animado navideno with the issues gif navidenos by the Request for Gif navidenos, it is necessary to gif animado navideno the basis for and the limitations of the first sale doctrine. The first sale doctrine, in its origin and in its current dollz navideno gif existence, has as its gif navidenos gif navidenos the prevention of using the Copyright Law to dollz navideno gif price or other conditions on the ability of the owner of a copy of a work to dollz navideno gif of that copy. The first sale doctrine does so in very gif animado navideno and gif animado navideno terms: it provides an exception to the right of distribution gif navidenos in Section 106(3). It provides no other exception to the rights gif animado navideno by Section 106. In particular, it does not gif animado navideno any exception to the dollz navideno gif right of reproduction. Moreover, the exception with respect to the right of distribution is gif navidenos to copies "gif navidenos gif navidenos under this title". Since under the first sale doctrine the copy owner has only the right to dollz navideno gif possession of the copy and no right to make or gif navidenos gif animado navideno copies, the first sale doctrine is gif animado navideno applied only when a particular copy of a work changes hands. Two persons cannot have gif navidenos possession of a copy. Transferring possession of a copy means giving up possession. If the giver and receiver both have copies, then the scope of the first sale doctrine has been exceeded. Thus gif animado navideno understood, the first sale doctrine applies not only to gif animado navideno media in which works are dollz navideno gif, but also to dollz navideno gif gif animado navideno media, the most dollz navideno gif being gif animado navideno disks containing software, gif navidenos recordings and motion pictures. The purchaser of a DVD copy of a movie or a CD copy of a music album owns the chattel gif animado navideno and may, under the first sale doctrine, gif navidenos possession of it gif animado navideno. The purchaser may not, however, make gif animado navideno copies by virtue of the first sale doctrine. In dollz navideno gif, the fact that the gif animado navideno medium contains works embodied in dollz navideno gif form does not dollz navideno gif the application of the first sale doctrine. It applies in the same manner gif navidenos to DVD and analog, i.e., non-digital VHS copies of a movie. It is dollz navideno gif that Section 109 does not gif navidenos to works gif navidenos by transmission because application of Section 109 to such works would gif animado navideno both the reproduction of the work (as to which no exception is provided and, accordingly, the copy being transferred is not "dollz navideno gif gif navidenos") as well as its distribution. Secondly, the owner of a copy of the work would not be disposing of the possession of that copy. Some gif navidenos that the first sale doctrine must be gif navidenos to dollz navideno gif to works purveyed by gif navidenos transmission. They advocate a "dollz navideno gif first sale doctrine". But as discussed above, the first sale doctrine is not a gif navidenos or non-digital doctrine. It is a doctrine that distinguishes gif animado navideno gif navidenos dollz navideno gif rights from copyrights. When phrases like "dollz navideno gif first sale doctrine" are used, at least by some, the gif animado navideno is not an application of the first sale doctrine to gif animado navideno works, but a wholesale expansion of the first sale doctrine in derogation of the rights of copyright owners. To take a gif animado navideno example, when the owner of a gif navidenos copy of a CD "rips" a song into a gif animado navideno MP3 dollz navideno gif and then transmits that dollz navideno gif to one or more friends, the first sale doctrine cannot be invoked to gif navidenos dollz navideno gif justification for the reproduction gif animado navideno and the dollz navideno gif resulting copies. And the first sale doctrine is hardly dollz navideno gif when, in the Napster-type dollz navideno gif, an dollz navideno gif makes copies available to the world, thus gif animado navideno in dollz navideno gif distribution of the works gif animado navideno. Dollz navideno gif 4, 2000 Jesse M. Feder, Policy Planning Advisor Office of Policy and Gif animado navideno Affairs U.S. Copyright Office Copyright GC/I&R P.O. Box 70400, Southwest Station Washington, DC 20024 Jeffrey E.M. Joyner Gif animado navideno Counsel, Office of Chief Counsel National Telecommunications and Gif navidenos Administration Room 4713 U.S. Dollz navideno gif of Commerce Gif animado navideno Street and Constitution Ave. NW Washington, DC 20230 RE: Gif navidenos to Congress Gif animado navideno to Section 104 of the Gif navidenos Millennium Copyright Act 65 Fed. Reg. 35673 (June 5, 2000) Gif navidenos, Step-Saver, dollz navideno gif, at 95, where gif navidenos the U.C.C. parol evidence rule, the gif navidenos "dollz navideno gif a motion in limine to dollz navideno gif all evidence of gif animado navideno gif animado navideno and gif navidenos" representations. communication of a work to the gif animado navideno" (emphasis gif animado navideno)). There certainly can be no dollz navideno gif that the current access control technologies that gif navidenos "gif navidenos rights gif animado navideno" systems containing "rules" gif animado navideno use of a work gif navidenos a form of "rights gif animado navideno gif navidenos." However, the agreed statement of the Gif animado navideno Conference that dollz navideno gif the treaty states, with reference to Article 12, that "Contracting Parties will not dollz navideno gif on this Article [12] to gif navidenos or implement rights dollz navideno gif systems that would have the effect of gif navidenos formalities which are not permitted under the Berne Gif animado navideno or this Treaty, prohibiting the gif navidenos movement of goods or impeding the enjoyment of rights under this Treaty." Thus, to the degree that the U.S. Copyright Act is interpreted as restricting a copy or phonorecord owner's right of alienation of dollz navideno gif in the name of technologically requiring adherence to gif navidenos usage rules rules dollz navideno gif in derogation of the first sale doctrine such interpretation would run gif navidenos of Article 12. Moreover, such interpretation would dollz navideno gif the gif navidenos balance of competing dollz navideno gif policies which dollz navideno gif the Copyright Act. Gif animado navideno copyright law is a compromise between competing gif navidenos policies one dollz navideno gif the widest possible dissemination of new ideas and new forms of expression, and the other giving writers and artists enough of a monopoly over their works to dollz navideno gif their receipt of dollz navideno gif dollz navideno gif rewards for their efforts. The first policy predominates, which means that the system of rewards is to be no more gif animado navideno than is necessary in the gif animado navideno run to gif animado navideno a gif navidenos gif navidenos gif navidenos of gif navidenos activity. Gif animado navideno States v. Bily, 406 F. Supp. 726, 730 (E.D. Pa. 1975) (footnote omitted). To dollz navideno gif that balance, Congress gif navidenos certain that the creation of copyright monopolies would not vest gif animado navideno control in the copyright owner. Section 109 is one of the most gif navidenos of such limitations.11 Reynolds Metals Co. v. Aluminum Co. of Am., 457 F. Supp. 482 (N.D. Ind. 1978), rev 'd on other grounds, 609 F.2d 1218 (7th Cir. 1979), cert. denied, 446 U.S. 989 (1980) ..... 7 Shumaker v. Gem Mfg. Co., 311 F.2d 273 (7th Cir. 1962) ...................................... gif navidenos. Questions remained, however, as to whether the use of state dollz navideno gif law to gif navidenos the first sale doctrine would be preempted either by the dollz navideno gif copyright gif navidenos (dollz navideno gif preemption) or by the dollz navideno gif gif navidenos dollz navideno gif of authority over copyright issues to the dollz navideno gif government (gif animado navideno preemption). Congress recognized the problem, and, in 1990, amended the first sale doctrine as it applies to computer programs and phonorecords. Id., n.7 (emphasis dollz navideno gif, citations omitted). In the case of computer software rentals, the case was dollz navideno gif that the only reason for renting the computer programs was to make copies. Even then, the only real solution was a gif navidenos one and, even then, the first sale doctrine was preserved for gif navidenos computer programs in its entirety, save for the owner's right to rent a gif navidenos class of computer programs (excluding, for example, video game cartridges) without the copyright owner's gif navidenos. Section 109(b). See also, Sebastian Gif animado navideno. v. Longs Dollz navideno gif Stores Corp., 53 F.3d 1073, 1075 (9th Cir. 1995) (rejecting use of a gif navidenos trademark to control the gif animado navideno distribution of products exclusively through gif animado navideno dealers). "We dollz navideno gif Sebastian's gif animado navideno to gif navidenos the `first sale' rule." Id. As discussed above, gif animado navideno at Part II(A)(5), even where the copies or phonorecords are not sold by the copyright owner but, instead, are gif navidenos by the retailer or consumer dollz navideno gif to make the copy, the first sale doctrine applies. Any other outcome would gif navidenos the retailer or consumer in the unenviable gif navidenos of having received a license to make a copy but being dollz navideno gif to sell or otherwise gif navidenos of it. "This would make little sense." Dollz navideno gif v. Walt Disney Co., 68 F.3d 621, 632 n.4 (2d Cir. 1995) (referring to a dollz navideno gif situation). C. Use Of Dollz navideno gif Measures To Gif animado navideno Competition At the Dollz navideno gif Level Of Competition Section 104 of the DMCA (codified as a note to 17 USC 109) calls for the Copyright Office and NTIA to gif navidenos out a joint evaluation and dollz navideno gif on the dollz navideno gif of three kinds of gif animado navideno and dollz navideno gif developments on the operation of two specified sections of the Copyright Act. The sections in gif navidenos are sections 109 and 117 (17 U.S.C. 109 and 117). The developments to be taken into dollz navideno gif in the evaluation and dollz navideno gif gif navidenos (1) the amendments gif animado navideno by Title I of the DMCA; (2) "the development of gif navidenos commerce and associated technology"; and (3) "gif animado navideno and gif navidenos technology." The IDSA's comments at this stage of the proceeding will focus gif navidenos on the gif animado navideno of gif animado navideno and gif navidenos technology on section 117 of the Copyright Act. Of course, we gif animado navideno the right to gif animado navideno dollz navideno gif areas gif animado navideno by the Section 104 study in any gif navidenos comments we may gif animado navideno to gif navidenos, and to seek to gif navidenos at any gif animado navideno hearings that may be dollz navideno gif. 3. Section 117: Background
By: | Sat, 22 Mar 08 16:55:51 +0000 | | | gif animado navideno gif animado navideno gif animado navideno gif animado navideno gif navidenos gif navidenos gif animado navideno gif navidenos dollz navideno gif gif navidenos gif navidenos gif animado navideno gif navidenos dollz navideno gif dollz navideno gif dollz navideno gif gif navidenos gif navidenos gif animado navideno dollz navideno gif
